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Sizing Pneumatic Cylinders and ISO valves
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 Posted Jun 24 2008
Filed under: Pneumatic Pneumatic Valve Tech Article
Look at flow coefficient, cylinder bore, and rod speed to best match pneumatic actuators and valves.
Chris Landis, Valve/Vacuum Product Manager, Parker Hannifin Corporation, Richland, MI In recent years, much discussion has centered on Cv ratings (also known as capacity coefficients or flow factors) and whether or not American, European, and Japanese pneumatic-valve manufacturers rate valves the same way. With ANSI/NFPA, ISO, and JIS organizations all specifying slightly different test methods and rating criteria, the confusion is understandable.
Leaving that ongoing discussion to the respective standards organizations, here's a look at the practical aspects of designing the most efficient and economical system without under or oversizing components. First, we'll calculate Cv for standard pneumatic cylinders and examine Cv values for standard ISO valves, including 18 and 26 mm and ISO Sizes 1, 2, and 3. We'll also chart average rod speed relative to cylinder bore size to pinpoint ISO valves that best match flow demands.
The approach is based on standard Cv calculation:
where Q = volumetric flow rate in standard cubic feet per minute (scfm), based on 14.7-psi atmospheric pressure and 60°F air temperature.
To simplify the equation, experts typically assume a conservative pressure change between inlet and outlet ports (P1 - P2) of 5 psi. For time or process-critical applications, reduce this to 2 psi. And, in many cases, a pressure drop of 10 psi is not detrimental to the application. A 10-psi pressure drop permits smaller valves that lower costs and require less mounting space.
To simplify calculations, let's tabulate values for a portion of the equation for 2, 5, and 10-psi pressure changes. Here, we create a constant A, defined as 
and list values for varying inlet gage pressures in the accompanying Basic Data table.
This reduces the flow-coefficient equation to Cv = QA.
In terms of cylinder volume and time,
where atmospheric pressure, Pa, is assumed to be 14.7 psi.
Next, calculate values for compression ratio, Cr = P1/Pa, for various inlet pressures and also list values in the Basic Data table.
Restating the volumetric flowrate equation in terms of compression ratio results in
Now examine the impact of cylinder volume and stroke time for known Cv values of ISO valves. Given that Cv = QA; and V = (?/4)d2l, we can restate the equation as:
Here, l/t is a simplified representation of average rod velocity in inches per second. This equation works well for NFPA cylinders. But because designers usually specify ISO cylinders in metric units, apply the conversion factor 1 in. = 25.4 mm and revise the equation:
Assuming 80 psig for inlet pressure - based on a typical plant operating at 100 psig with line losses - and using a conservative 5-psi pressure drop for the constant A, chart average cylinder rod speed versus cylinder diameter in terms of required Cv. The accompanying tables for two and three position valves highlight areas where each ISO valve meets Cv requirements.
Nomenclature
d = Cylinder diameter, in.
G = Specific gravity of the fluid (G = 1 for air)
l = Cylinder length, in.
P1 = Absolute pressure at inlet port (gage pressure + 14.7), psi
P2 = Absolute pressure at outlet port, psi
Pa = Atmospheric pressure, psi
Q = Volumetric flow rate, scfm
T = Absolute temperature of air, °R
t = Time to fill cylinder, sec
V = Cylinder volume, in.3
Parker's Isysnet Field Bus System includes a valve drive module that controls up to 32 solenoids; I/O modules with up to 256 inputs and 256 outputs; and communications modules using EtherNet/IP, ControlNet, DeviceNet, and Profibus DP. The plug-in pneumatic valves meet ISO 15407 and 5599 dimensional and electrical standards.
Cv VALUES FOR TWO-POSITION VALVES
VALVE RATINGS
ISO PH Cv Values
Valve Designation
Size Two Position Three Position
18 mm HB 0.55 0.5
26 mm HA 1.1 1.0
Size 1 H1 1.5 1.2
Size 2 H2 3.0 2.8
Size 3 H3 6.0 5.0
BASIC DATA
Inlet Compression A Constants
Pressure Factor 2 PSI 5 PSI 10 PSI
(PSIG) P P P
10 1.7 .152 .103 --
20 2.4 .126 .084 .065
30 3.0 .111 .073 .055
40 3.7 .100 .065 .048
50 4.4 .091 .059 .044
60 5.1 .085 .055 .040
70 5.8 .079 .051 .037
80 6.4 .075 .048 .035
90 7.1 .071 .046 .033
100 7.8 .068 .044 .032
110 8.5 .065 .042 .030
120 9.2 .063 .040 .029
130 9.8 .061 .039 .028
140 10.5 .058 .037 .027
150 11.2 .057 .036 .026
160 11.9 .055 .035 .025
170 12.6 .053 .034 .024
180 13.2 .052 .033 .024
190 13.9 .051 .032 .023
200 14.6 .050 .032 .023
The table lists compression ratios, P1/Pa, as well values for the constant A, for a range of inlet pressures and pressure drops.
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